By Bonnie Kagan, Toronto art appraiser

Should you need to know the value of personal property, such as an art collection or even one single work, in order to determine a settlement for your client, it may be prudent to consult a professional appraiser, and get a complete certified appraisal . In many family law situations, one needs to establish the value of personal property. Also, the very process of producing a forensic appraisal, with all the research, documentation, reporting on condition, compiling receipts, and so on, can help to sort out some property disputes.

The accumulated work file can also be called upon as further proof, even if not specifically used in the appraisal report.

Auctions:

We all love the auction houses, but they are not in the business of providing proof good enough to stand up in court. Appraisals from auction houses are used as an estimate of what they think they ought to realize at their next auction.

Auction houses want you to put your merchandise into their auction and may provide a free or inexpensive service. They are loyal to their own business and are not being paid to provide anything in depth.

Besides, auctions, by their very nature are unpredictable and this is what makes them so entertaining and interesting. The hammer price at an auction may range from something like orderly liquidation to higher than retail. There are many concurrent factors influencing the outcomes at auctions.

Auction results are always considered as part of the whole picture in writing a complete appraisal report, but don't give an accurate picture on their own.

Vendors:

Vendors are not considered objective enough, even though they may know a lot about what they are selling. In fact, I use reports and opinions from vendors within the context of my appraisals. But the outcome value opinion takes into account all vendor opinions, plus many other sources.

Back in the 1980's or earlier, appraisals for fine art and collectibles were often done by the dealers or vendors, or even by the artists themselves. Obviously they were not always objective, nor did they have the training or direction or motivation t o formulate detailed forensic value opinions. Their appraisals were based on little or no research or facts. They merely stated that, in their opinion, something was worth a certain amount. This does not stand up in court even when the opinion is from a well recognized professional. These opinions served as real appraisals simply because there were not many people available to provide anything better.

In a pivotal Tax Court case, Zelinski v. The Queen, 9996 DTC 1594, Justice Murray Mogan ruled that appraisals supplied by those who dealt in the artist's work had a hopeless conflict of interest.

The appraisal profession, like any other profession, required standardization of rules, procedures and ethics. To this end, the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) were developed in 1986 and 1987 by an ad hoc committee made up of representatives leading appraisal organizations in the U.S. And Canada. The Appraisal Foundation (authorized by the US Congress) copyrighted the USPAP in l987. In l989, the Appraisal Standards Board of the Appraisal Foundation was established. The USPAP had been adopted by the Foundation's member organizations. Theses standards, the USPAP, are now recognized as the accepted standard of appraisal practice. Appraisal societies, like the American Society of Appraisers require their members' reports to adhere to the USPAP.

In October 1996, the Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board issued revised appraisal format guidelines. If you decide that your clients' art can, or should be, donated as cultural property and you want to get a tax deduction, a certified appraisal by an approved appraiser should pass muster with that hard to convince group.

Artful Ownership, by Aaron Milrad of Fraser Milner Casgrain in Toronto, (published by the American Society of Appraisers, Washington, D.C., in 2000) is, in my opinion, the best guide to art law and valuation.

Generally, to be used in a legal context an appraisal must have a signed certification and must comply with USPAP. The appraiser should be a member of a recognized appraisal organization. The appraisal should be objective, at arms-length, with no remuneration contingent upon the outcome, and it should be produced with due diligence. Due diligence simply means that no stone has been left unturned in the pursuit of relevant data, and all facts that would in any way influence the value conclusion have been considered and documented.

In all, there are at least 12 specific points to address so that you have an appraisal that will provide you with the best evidence for value conclusion or dispute resolution.

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